In developing the DISI engine, we aimed to cool the interior of the cylinder as much as possible by promoting fuel vaporization and uniform mixing of atomized fuel and air. This produces a high charging efficiency of the air-fuel mixture and a high compression ratio, which results in significant improvements in both torque and fuel efficiency.
Characteristics of the direct injection engine:
Fuel is injected from a tiny nozzle into a relatively large cylinder, so it has a high latent heat of vaporization, which efficiently cools the air within (in-cylinder cooling effect).
The air temperature in the cylinder decreases, which means:
(1) more air may be charged into the combustion chamber, which produces increased torque.
(2) the engine is less prone to knocking. This contributes to increased torque, and enables a higher compression ratio that also contributes to good fuel efficiency.
In a direct injection engine, however, the fuel skips the waiting period it would have to endure inside a standard engine and instead proceeds straight to the combustion chamber. This allows the fuel to burn more evenly and thoroughly. For the driver, that can translate to better mileage and greater power to the wheels.
In the past, direct injection posed too many technical hurdles to make it worthwhile for mass market gasoline automobiles. But with advances in technology and greater pressure to make cars run more cleanly and efficiently, it looks as if gasoline direct injection — or GDI as it’s referred to in industry lingo — is here to stay. In fact, most of the major car manufacturers make or plan to soon introduce gasoline cars that take advantage of this fuel saving and performance enhancing system.
Electro chromatic mirrors / Auto dimming mirrors use a combination of opto electronic sensors and complex electronics (sensors, circuit boards, micro-controllers, etc.) that constantly monitor ambient light and the intensity of light shining directly on the mirror. As soon as sensors detect glare, the electro chromatic surface of the mirror becomes darker to protect driver’s eyes and their concentration.
The electro chromatic technology usually is applied to the inside rearview mirror / Side view mirror, where it basically saves you the trouble of flipping the mirror manually if blinded by the light which increases driving safety.
Working operation of Electro chromatic mirrors:
This auto dimming rearview mirror is installed on higher end vehicles. It consists of two lenses that sandwich an electro chromic (electronic color changing) gel. The inside sides of the lenses are coated with a transparent conductive layer coating and the deepest lens has a reflective coating.
This gel, when charged with electricity darkens, then clear once the glare is no longer detected. The mirror uses a forward sensor which measures the outside ambient light, and a rearward sensor to look for glare. When dark enough, it sends current to the electrostatic gel, darkening it a rate which is related to the level of ambient darkness and rearward glare. When the outside ambient light increases, the current decreases, until the gel is clear again at daylight light levels.
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